Public Health Importance: Tuberculosis (TB) now ranks as the leading infectious disease cause of mortality in the world. About 1.7 billion people are currently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and are at risk of developing active TB disease. Increasing rates of multi-drug and extensively drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB and XDR-TB) pose a growing threat.  Early diagnosis of TB and universal drug-susceptibility testing (DST) are critical to identifying the most appropriate treatment for individual patients and to preventing the spread of disease.  Despite major advances in recent years, critical diagnostic needs are still unmet. There remains an urgent need for true point of care (POC) diagnostics, including rapid drug susceptibility testing (DST) in decentralized settings, pediatric targeted diagnostics that include non-sputum based diagnosis/technologies, and technologies to improve diagnosis of disseminated and paucibacillary TB.